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Citation

Cruft R (2026) What are Duties? A Reasons-First Relational Account. Canadian Journal of Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.1017/can.2026.10077

Abstract
What is the difference between a reason to do something and a duty to do it? This paper develops a relational account of duties, locating the distinction between duties and nonduty reasons in how others should react to the agent’s will: duty-contrary willing deserves distinctively diminished respect from others, when compared to the respect owed to willing-contrary-to-‘mere’-nonduty-reasons. It is also a ‘reasons-first’ account, revealing a duty (and indeed a right) to be composed of a specific nexus of reasons for the agent and for others. The account has important implications for how to understand duty-creation in promising and legislation.

Keywords
duties; directed duties; rights; reasons; will; promising; legislation

• What are Duties? A Reasons-First Relational Account